Monday November 19, 1894

Meeting of Sub Com^ee for Photographic Exhibⁿ at Imperial Institute 3.30.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

Thursday November 8, 1894

Meeting of Com^ee of Advice for Imperial Institute Photographic Exhibition.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

RH says..... I came across this image on the internet the other day: I'm not sure if this is how Christie travelled to Sandwich on his holidays, but it would certainly be handy for him.

Tuesday October 30, 1894

Discussed with M^r Skinner (from Mess^rs Troughton & Simms) plans for new Astrographic micrometer and for Photographic spectroscope.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... On another topic, Graham Dolan has kindly send me an image of the Great Equatorial Building's balcony under construction - see entry for 19 October. He tells me that this picture can be dated to the summer of 1898, so it seems that it took some time to do the work. It is always interesting to see in these old images that, although the Observatory was closed to the public, it was still a sight for visitors to Greenwich Park - even if they were chiefly there for the view down to the river that the people on the benches at the right of the picture are enjoying.

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Friday October 19, 1894

M^r Crisp & M^r Loughborough with M^r Awdry discussed the above. Also discussed, with M^r Crisp proposed Magnetic Pavilion in the Park and balcony below 36^ft Dome.

Discussed with M^r Simms plans for new Astrographic micrometer & Photographic spectroscope.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... The 36-foot dome was the new onion-shaped dome that accommodated the larger 28-inch telescope instead of the Great Equatorial telescope that the building had originally contained. This postcard clearly shows the balcony that Christie discussed today.

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The Magnetic House at this time was still where it had been since the 1840s - in the south part of the Royal Observatory's site, but north of the New Physical Observatory. This area today is covered by the dome of the Peter Harrison Planetarium. Despite Christie performing apparently satisfactory experiments to test the effect of ironwork in the new buildings on the magnetic observations, it had obviously become clear that the would have to be performed away from the main site. The picture below shows the new Magnetic Pavilion, built in 1899, in the area of Greenwich Park that became known as the Christie Enclosure. This area, 350 yards east from the main site, once held several telescope domes, including that of the Yapp 36-inch telescope, as well as the Magnetic Pavilion and Magnetograph House. It was all dismantled and returned to the Park when the Observatory moved to Herstmonceux and the Greenwich site became part of the National Maritime Museum.

Wednesday October 3, 1894

D^r Doberck Director of Hong Kong Obs^y called & aired his grievances in regard to M^r& M^rs Plummer, Com^ee on Photographic Exhbition 1895 at Imperial Institute at 4.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... William Doberck, according to a recent article, was a "combatative and prickly personality", frustrated in his desire to do astronomical research by his role in an institution founded as a meteorological and magnetic observatory and time service.

The Plummer referred to here is not the one who visted in January and April. This was John Isaac Plummer who was working for Doberck in Hong Kong after working for brief periods in the Cambridge, Greenwich, Glasgow, Durham and Orwell Park Observatories - see this site for more information on Plummer and his problematic relationship with Doberck: already in 1891 Doberck was complaining that "Mr Plummer has turned out to be a most incompetent man, no friend of science in general and a particular enemy of this observatory. He has been very troublesome and his conduct has been ungentlemanly", although he had been warmly recommended by some of his previous employers. This account is also revealing of Christie's role in such staffing matters across the empire. Although the falling-out between Dorberck and Plummer was nearly disasterous, they seem to have overcome their differences in the end, working relatively harmoniously in Hong Kong until 1907 and 1911 respectively.

Monday September 24, 1894

Went to Troughton & Simms with M^r Dyson and arranged with M^r Simms for a new Astrographic micrometer for measuring two plates at same time and for a Photographic spectroscope. Also gave M^r Simms a paper for positions of stops in new altazimuth to give a series of adopted azimuths.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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Went with the Astronomer Royal to Troughton & Simms’ works. M^r Simms & the Astronomer Royal discussed photographic spectroscope especially the kinds of glass obtainable, & the Micrometer for the Astrographic measures.

Frank Dyson, Chief Assistant

Friday August 31, 1894

Micrometer for measuring Stellar Photographs returned from Troughton & Simms.

Frank Dyson, Chief Assistant

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RH says..... From its placement in the journal it looks as if this entry was made retrospectively, perhaps when the boss came back from his holiday?

Sunday May 13 & Monday May 14, 1894

Whitsunday. M^r Common came in afternoon staying till Tuesday, discussing eclipse of 1896, stars photo’s, 28ⁱⁿ O.G., new altaz., dome & building &c. On Monday night examined 13ⁱⁿ Merz telescope on Moon & stars, also photo’s taken with 28ⁱⁿ O.G. We agreed that for the publication of the star map, it would be advisable to begin by having prints from transparencies, which could be purchased singly or by the dozen by any person applying for them, the prints being taken by a photographer at an agreed rate as required, and sold at a price to cover expenses.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... Andrew Common was an amateur astronomer with a particular interest in photography. He also designed his own innovative instruments and was experienced in making large telescope mirrors. Because of this he supurvised the making of the 30-inch mirror for the ROG's Thompson Photographic Reflector (mounted in 1896). He was an important member of the British scientific community and was a member of the Board of Visitors to the ROG.

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Common was not directly involved with the Carte du ciel mapping project, which Christie refers to here, but because of his innovations in photography had been invited to the original international conference and advised various participants.

Tuesday May 1, 1894

Went to Troughton & Simms in the afternoon about new Altazimuth (in progress), glass diaphragm with scales at right angles for measure of star photo’s, mounting of spectroscope on Great Equatorial &c. M^r Simms showed me an alloy of platinum (2 parts) & copper (1 part) recommended by Johnson & Matthey as uncorrodible, which he proposed to use for the circle of the new Altazimuth.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... Christie here refers to the Great Equatorial, which is the name normally associated with the 12.8-inch Merz, installed when George Airy was Astronomer Royal. The 28-inch had replaced this in the ROG's Great Equatorial Building, and Christie evidently transferred the name. Johnson and Matthey, a company that still exists, was a precious metals assayer that had produced the standard weights and measures for the International Metric Commission.

The 28-inch telescope had a half-prism spectroscope, designed by Christie himself, that had to be mounted underneath the telescope - a much larger instrument than the one that the building and mount had originally supported. According to the obituary of Christie by Turner, this half-prism design was pioneering, but the "soundness of its principles has since been questioned".

Tuesday April 24, 1894

Photoheliograph taken off the 28 inch. – Instrument rebalanced.

Frank Dyson, Chief Assistant

RH says..... There were several photoheliograph telescopes at Greenwich - used for photographying the sun, as the name suggests - but I'm not sure which one this was and how long it had been attached to the 28-inch telescope. An earlier entry shows that one Dallmeyer Photoheliograph was mounted on the roof of the New Physical Observatory, while the Thompson 9-inch photoheliograph was presumably still attached to the Merz 12.8 telescope in the Lassell Dome.

Monday April 23, 1894

Photographs taken by M^r Maunder with the 28ⁱⁿ Equatorial on Apr 21 shewing that an eccentricity of the image is produced by a tilt[?] of the crown-lens: it was readjusted by M^r Niblett

Frank Dyson, Chief Assistant

RH says..... Maunder is best known for his solar photography, but this is a reminder that, as head of the Photographic and Spectroscopic Department, his responsibilities extended elsewhere. G.E. Niblett, the Observatory's mechanic, was evidently an indispensible member of staff. Elsewhere Maunder wrote that Niblett's "skill is in constant requisition in devising, repairing, or keeping in order the many mechanical arrangements upon which so much depends". He was also in charge of the Observatory's electric lighting. The image shows his workshop in the New Physical Observatory, although this building was still incomplete as of 1894.

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Tuesday April 3, 1894

M^r Cass brought down a letter from Account. Gen. instructing me to draw the cheques. I replied next morning to Sec^y of Adm^y pointing out that this was not within my duties.The Crown lens of 28ⁱⁿ O.G. (Photogr. Posⁿ) was brought nearer to flint lens by taking off the separating ring 0.4ⁱⁿ thick on face of flint cell.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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RH says..... The financial issues highlighted in the previous post were clearly not solved. To confuse the issue, the Astronomer Royal was a Crown appointment, meaning that although the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was answerable to the Admiralty, Christie, in theory, was not. The terms of his Royal Warrant, unsurprisingly, said nothing about drawing cheques.

Friday March 16, 1894

A Post Office Official (M^r Shaw) called & discussed arrangements for a Wall letter-box to be fixed at the Observatory with collections at 12. 3 & 5, and also for 9 & 11pm. if Park keys could be supplied for use of postmen, It was arranged that the Postmaster of SE. District (D.H. Somerville Esq.) would communicate with me on the subject.
Arranged for Dallmeyer Photoheliograph & Hut to be mounted at once on Terrace roof of S. Wing of Physical Observatory.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

RH says..... In this image, from about 1900, you can just make out the letter-box in the wall to the left hand side. In front of it, under the small protective shade, are the standard lengths available for the public to check their rulers and to the right of the gate is the 24-hour Shepherd Clock dial, displaying GMT to passers-by. The roof of Flamsteed House, Christie's residence, is bristling with meteorological equipment as well as the time ball, which is raised at 12.58 and drops at 1pm every day.

There is a gap in both journals for the next couple of days - and I am on leave from work - so I will meet you again on the 19th!

Wednesday March 14, 1894

Centred crown lens of 28ⁱⁿ O.G. in photographic position, the holes having been drawn to allow of this. The inner flange of crown cell is now very exactly concentric with outer flange of flint cell to which it is bolted. Wrote to Sir H. Grubb on subject of 26in photo-equatorial.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

RH says..... In order to correct colour distortions, telescope lenses are composites of two different kinds of glass - crown glass and flint glass. Because the corrections for photographic use or visual use are different, and the 28-inch telescope was intended to work both ways, the two glass cells had to be painstakingly adjusted - as Christie's experiments over the last few months demonstrate.

The image accompanying this post was taken with the 28-inch telescope in Greenwich - with the assistance of modern equipment. It shows a clearer and more colourful image than Christie would have managed to produce.

Friday March 9, 1894

R.A.S. Meeting. Shewed photo’s taken with 28ⁱⁿ telescope corrected for photography. Also photo’s of Sunspot of February -------- and magnetic disturbances.
Went to M^r W.H. Whites R. Institution lecture on the making of a modern fleet.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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R.A.S. The Astronomer Royal shewed trial photos taken with 28ⁱⁿ.

Frank Dyson, Chief Assistant

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RH says..... An account of this day's Royal Astronomical Society meeting from The Observatory magazine can be downloaded here. Christie presented the photographs with caution, saying that although they hoped that they had nearly got the adjustment corrected they were still in the experimental stage. As Sir Howard Grubb was in town, having been at Greenwich the day before to discuss the proposed 26-inch telescope, he was present and asked to comment on the lens. Sounding rather defensive, he pointed out that "As this was the only large object-glass I ever had to make without having to make the mounting for it, I was placed under very peculiar circumstances, not being able to try it on a celestial object until it was at Greenwich" but, all things considered, he was pleased with the results. The data about sunspots and magnetic readings was presented by E. Walter Maunder, head of the ROG's Photographic and Spectroscopic Department and one of the RAS's secretaries.

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W.H. White's Royal Institution lecture was reported in The Times the next day. 'The Making of a Modern Fleet' focused on the programme of shipbuilding begun after the passing of the 1889 Naval Defence Act. White reported that all but eight or nine of the 70 ships paid for would be ready for service by the end of the month, the date specified in the Act. It was (according to White and The Times) "an unprecedented feat which no other country in the world could rival".

Saturday February 24, 1894

The crown lens of the 28ⁱⁿ telescope was reversed to the photographic position the separation of the lenses having being reduced to 3.71 in.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

RH says..... Christie was still trialing the reversable photographic-visual lens of the new 28-inch telescope. Meanwhile, the RGO archives record some of the more regular observations being undertaken with other equatorial telescopes at the Observatory. On this day, observations were made of "Pseudo/Euterpe", probably with the Sheepshanks telescope, and some trial observations of Ursa Major are also recorded. The first was presumably the asteroid or minor planet 27 Euterpe, discovered in 1853 by the British astronomer John Russell Hind, who had been an assistant at the ROG from 1840-44.

Wednesday February 14, 1894

Distance between crown & flint lenses of 28ⁱⁿ O.G. reduced by 3/16in from 4 1/4in to 4 1/16in (relatively to visual position) and crown lens shifted upwards by 1/22in. Wrote to Grubb about proposed 26ⁱⁿ Photo-Telescope[.] Presided at Congratulatory dinner to Prof. Turner in evening.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

RH says.....

As Christie reported to the Board of Visitors in the summer, he and his staff spent a long time working on the adjustment of this new telescope's object glass because of its novel design (see here for more information). The OG could be reversed and the separation of the crown and flint lenses adjusted in order to alter the correction for chromatic aberration necessary for either visual or photographic use. The maker, Sir Howard Grubb declared them "the finest pair of discs of their size which have ever been made". Grubb and his Dublin firm were now in business with Greenwich again, as Christie sent off his order for the new 26-inch telescope paid for by Sir Henry Thompson.

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Turner's slow goodbye to Greenwich continued through this month as he worked out his period as Chief Assistant and trained his successor, before leaving finally and formally leaving for his Oxford professorship.

Tuesday January 23, 1894

Reversed crown lens of 28ⁱⁿ telescope for photography. M^r Simms called to arrange about the new slow motion screws & decⁿ clamp of Great Equatorial. Saw M^r Crisp at Adm^y about the new buildings and went with him to several shops to try to get suitable gas & electric light pendants.

William Christie, Astronomer Royal

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Rebekah Higgitt says.....

The lens of the new 28-inch telescope had been specially designed so that, by reversing it, the telescope could be used for photography as well as for visual observation. This experimental optical work on the use of lenses for astronomical photography and spectroscopy was of great interest to Christie. However, he seems to have been quite easily distracted by the prospect of more shopping for his new building.